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Python Flask-restx API

To get to know our potential clients, you need their analysis

(I am for a creative approach to the task, otherwise it is too simple. As well as the idea to take everything ready. Be sure to add your own perspective based on your own experience.)

We have a list of airports in major cities. There may be our clients from these cities who will undergo remote training courses before arriving in Spain.

We have an Artificial Intelligence network that regularly analyzes all the statements of each of our students. We are developing a REST API service in Python that will analyze the received data and identify the demand for new training courses among residents of different age groups in different cities through advertising channels.

Let’s implement the following handlers in the service:

• a. POST /upload CSV file in this format: https://gist.githubusercontent.com/stepan-passnfly/8997fbf25ae87966e8919dc7803716bc/raw/37c07818c8498ae3d587199961233aada88ed743/airports.csv (define table and save DDL query)
• b. PUT /create an entry in the previous table.
• c. PATCH /update an entry in the previous table.
• d. DELETE /delete an entry in the previous table.
• e.OPTIONS /:entity[/:id] Gets a list of methods available at the given URI. The server should respond with 200 OK with an additional Allow header: GET, POST, ...
• f. GET /create  – create and returns a link with confirmation
• g. GET /update – returns a link with confirmation
• h. GET /delete – sets a flag in the database to delete this record.

• POST /imports
  Добавляет новую выгрузку с данными;
• GET /imports/$import_id/citizens
  Возвращает жителей указанной выгрузки;
• PATCH /imports/$import_id/citizens/$citizen_id
  Изменяет информацию о жителе (и его родственниках и друзьях) в указанной выгрузке;
• GET /imports/$import_id/citizens/birthdays
  Вычисляет число курсов, которое приобретет каждый житель выгрузки своим родственникам\друзьям (первого порядка), сгруппированное по каналам рекламы;
• GET /imports/$import_id/towns/stat/percentile/age
  Вычисляет 50-й, 75-й и 99-й перцентили возрастов (полных лет) жителей по городам в указанной выборке.

Alternative frameworks

List of the best frameworks:

https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=data-r19&hw=ph&test=fortune&l=zijzen-1r

Explored alternatives:

asyncpg — A fast PostgreSQL Database Client Library for Python/asyncio (1 000 000 line per second)

asyncpgsa — A python library wrapper around asyncpg for use with SQLAlchemy

aiohttp — as a library for writing an asynchronous framework service, since it generally works 2 times? faster.

aiohttp-spec — binds aiohttp handlers and schemas for data validation. As a bonus, it turned out to generate documentation in the format Swagger and display it in графическом интерфейсе.

Ancient technologies of RabbitMQ

aioamqp, a pure-Python AMQP 0-9-1 library using asyncio (source code, docs)

celery – alternative asynchronous library under Python

The tools we have chosen

flask-restx — It is a flask framework with the ability to automatically generate documentation using  Swagger.

Apache Kafka — Is an open-source distributed event streaming platform

PostgreSQL – database

SQLAlchemy allows you to decompose complex queries into parts, reuse them, generate queries with a dynamic set of fields (for example, a PATCH handler allows partial updating of an inhabitant with arbitrary fields or ElasticSearch reading) and focus directly on the business logic.

Alembic is a lightweight database migration tool for usage with the SQLAlchemy Database Toolkit for Python.

1:33:49 – How to write and test database migrations with Alembic – Alexander Vasin.

Docker (composer and swarm) or Kubernetes (k8s)

Ansible — For deployment, it allows declaratively describing the desired state of the server and its services, works via ssh and does not require special software.

pylint and pytest and unittest

Profilers

PyCharm

python -m cProfile -o pick.prof -s tottime app.py — Python only profiler.

snakeviz pick.prof — web visualizer.

python3 -m vmprof app.py – profiles C functions.

Threadpool – for reading files asynchronously on Linux.

Analysis of program memory consumption:

import tracemalloc

tracemalloc.start()

tracemalloc.take_snapshot()

mprof – graph of memory consumption over time.

Further optimization is to extract a fixed part from the file each time. For example 1024 lines.

uvloop — To connect data loops over the network with PostgreSQL.

Postman — generating API requests.

Installation node

wget http://nodejs.org/dist/latest/node-v15.2.0-linux-x64.tar.gz

tar -xzf node-v15.2.0-linux-x64.tar.gz

ls mv node-v15.2.0-linux-x64 15.2.0

ln -s 15.2.0/ current

export PATH=”/home/ubuntu/.nodes/current/bin:$PATH”

rm node-v15.2.0-linux-x64.tar.gz

node –version

npm install

How to activate Swagger

https://github.com/noirbizarre/flask-restplus/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.rst#running-a-local-swagger-server

sudo apt install python3-pip
sudo pip3 install -e .[dev]
sudo env “PATH=/home/ubuntu/.nodes/current/bin:$PATH” inv assets

Loading data into PostgreSQL

wget https://gist.githubusercontent.com/stepan-passnfly/8997fbf25ae87966e8919dc7803716bc/raw/37c07818c8498ae3d587199961233aada88ed743/airports.csv

http://www.jennifergd.com/post/7/

sudo /etc/init.d/postgresql start

psql -U postgres -h localhost insikt

CREATE TABLE cities (id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(256), city VARCHAR(50), country VARCHAR(50), iata VARCHAR(10), icao VARCHAR(10), latitude FLOAT, longitude FLOAT, altitude FLOAT, timezone FLOAT, dst VARCHAR(10), tz VARCHAR(50), type VARCHAR(50), source VARCHAR(50));

\copy cities(name, city, country, iata, icao, latitude, longitude, altitude, timezone, dst, tz, type, source) FROM 'airports.csv' DELIMITERS ',' CSV HEADER;

SELECT * FROM cities;

PostGIS

http://postgis.net/install/

sudo apt-get install postgis

psql -U postgres -h localhost insikt

CREATE EXTENSION postgis;

CREATE TABLE citiesgeo (
    point_id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    location VARCHAR(30),
    latitude FLOAT,
    longitude FLOAT,
    geo geometry(POINT)
);

cities.csv

location, latitude, longitude
San Francisco, 37.773972, -122.43129
Seattle, 47.608013, -122.335167
Sacramento, 38.575764, -121.478851
Oakland, 37.804363, -122.271111
Los Angeles, 34.052235, -118.243683
Alameda, 37.7652, -122.2416

In PostgreSQL shell:

=# \copy citiesgeo(location, latitude, longitude) FROM ‘cities.csv’ DELIMITERS ‘,’ CSV HEADER;
COPY 6

=# SELECT * FROM citiesgeo;
point_id | location | latitude | longitude | geo
———-+—————+———–+————-+—–
1 | San Francisco | 37.773972 | -122.43129 |
2 | Seattle | 47.608013 | -122.335167 |
3 | Sacramento | 38.575764 | -121.478851 |
4 | Oakland | 37.804363 | -122.271111 |
5 | Los Angeles | 34.052235 | -118.243683 |
6 | Alameda | 37.7652 | -122.2416 |
(6 rows)

https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Point.html

=# UPDATE citiesgeo
SET geo = ST_Point(longitude, latitude);
UPDATE 6

=# SELECT * FROM citiesgeo;
point_id | location | latitude | longitude | geo
———-+—————+———–+————-+——————————————–
1 | San Francisco | 37.773972 | -122.43129 | 0101000000E1455F419A9B5EC08602B68311E34240
2 | Seattle | 47.608013 | -122.335167 | 0101000000B3EC496073955EC07C45B75ED3CD4740
3 | Sacramento | 38.575764 | -121.478851 | 01010000000B2AAA7EA55E5EC0691B7FA2B2494340
4 | Oakland | 37.804363 | -122.271111 | 01010000007FA5F3E159915EC0658EE55DF5E64240
5 | Los Angeles | 34.052235 | -118.243683 | 0101000000D6E59480988F5DC0715AF0A2AF064140
6 | Alameda | 37.7652 | -122.2416 | 0101000000ACADD85F768F5EC01973D712F2E14240
(6 rows)

We make position in WGS84 format.

=# INSERT INTO citiesgeo (location, latitude, longitude, geo)
VALUES (‘San Rafael’, 37.9735, -122.5311, ST_Point(-122.5311, 37.9735));
INSERT 0 1

=# INSERT INTO citiesgeo (location, latitude, longitude, geo)
VALUES (‘San Rafael’, 37.9735, -122.5311, ST_Point(-122.5311, 37.9735));
INSERT 0 1

https://postgis.net/docs/ST_DistanceSphere.html

=# SELECT * FROM citiesgeo WHERE ST_DistanceSphere(geo,(SELECT geo FROM citiesgeo WHERE location = ‘San Francisco’
)) < 83000;
point_id | location | latitude | longitude | geo
———-+—————+———–+————-+——————————————–
1 | San Francisco | 37.773972 | -122.43129 | 0101000000E1455F419A9B5EC08602B68311E34240
4 | Oakland | 37.804363 | -122.271111 | 01010000007FA5F3E159915EC0658EE55DF5E64240
6 | Alameda | 37.7652 | -122.2416 | 0101000000ACADD85F768F5EC01973D712F2E14240
7 | San Bruno | 37.6305 | -122.4111 | 0101000000AED85F764F9A5EC062105839B4D04240
8 | San Rafael | 37.9735 | -122.5311 | 0101000000F5B9DA8AFDA15EC0F853E3A59BFC4240
(5 rows)

ALTER TABLE cities ADD COLUMN geo geometry(POINT);

-# SET geo = ST_Point(longitude, latitude);
UPDATE 7698

Launching the application in test mode

sudo python3 setup.py install

http://75.126.254.59:8032/

screen -dmS abc

screen -r abc

./app.py

Ctr-a d

docker-compose.yml – this is an outdated part that we are changing to a more modern one

Some companies work using outdated technologies due to the fact that they hired specialists with limited experience or, more precisely, ordered their systems from outsourcers (for example, from Ukraine). Below is an example of such a deprecated docker-composer.yml MySQL + RabbitMQ configuration.

version: ‘3.4’
services:
database:
image: mysql:5.7.21
ports:
– 3306:3306
environment:
– MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=test
– MYSQL_USER=test
– MYSQL_PASSWORD=test
– MYSQL_DATABASE=mysqltest
volumes:
# – data02:/var/lib/mysql
– /home/ubuntu/opt/docker-volumes/mysql:/var/lib/mysql
networks:
default:
ipv4_address: 172.18.0.4

# rabbitmq:
# image: rabbitmq:3.6.12-management
# hostname: rabbitmq
# volumes:
# – /home/ubuntu/opt/docker-volumes/rabbitmq:/var/lib/rabbitmq
# environment:
# – RABBITMQ_DEFAULT_PASS=admin
# – RABBITMQ_DEFAULT_USER=admin
# – RABBITMQ_DEFAULT_VHOST=/
# ports:
# – 5672:5672
# – 15672:15672
# networks:
# default:
# ipv4_address: 172.18.0.3

Apache kafka and PostgreSQL

This is how kafka containers look like in Docker. Below are the installation instructions:

https://docs.confluent.io/current/quickstart/ce-docker-quickstart.html

Our server:

http://75.126.254.59:9021

Then we test and create an asynchronous client.

Doing a little refactoring

https://github.com/Ignat99/restx2020

Since we have accumulated many layers and functions. For example API, ORM, business logic, Model, database schema, then for ease of maintenance we will distribute these functions in different modules. Everything could be left in one file. But since we have attached asynchronous processing and work with the Kafka Broker in dedicated threads that are synchronized through Kafka, it is better to separate the modules.

SonarQube with local PostgreSQL

https://gist.github.com/RawToast/feab6b36d2592554d071

sudo psql -U postgres  postgres

CREATE DATABASE sonar;

CREATE USER sonar WITH PASSWORD ‘verysecret’;

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE sonar TO sonar;

Install SonarQube

cd /opt

sudo wget https://binaries.sonarsource.com/CommercialDistribution/sonarqube-developer/sonarqube-developer-8.5.1.38104.zip

sudo unzip sonarqube-developer-8.5.1.38104.zip

sudo mv sonarqube-8.5.1.38104/ sonarqube

or

git clone https://github.com/SonarSource/sonarqube

cd sonarqube/

./gradlew build

or

sudo docker run -d –name sonarqube -p 9000:9000 -e SONARQUBE_JDBC_USERNAME=sonar
-e SONARQUBE_JDBC_PASSWORD=verysecret -e SONARQUBE_JDBC_URL=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/sonar –net mynet sonarqube:7.5-community

sudo docker exec -it -u root sonarqube /bin/bash

sudo sysctl -w vm.max_map_count=262144

cd /opt/sonarqube

sh bin/linux-x86-64/sonar.sh start

netstat -tap

tcp6 0 0 [::]:9000 [::]:* LISTEN 5819/java

Tests

https://github.com/Ignat99/a_proxy

https://github.com/Ignat99/JSON_Test/blob/master/test_json.py

sudo pip3 install nose coverage nosexcover pylint

sudo pip3 install pylint_flask_sqlalchemy

sudo pip3 install pylint-flask

pylint –generate-rcfile > pylintrc

pylint passnfly/

To see duplicate lines and test coverage in SonarQube:

./coverage.sh

pytest -s –junitxml=pytests.xml –cov-report xml –cov-report term –cov-branch –cov=passnfly tests/

Sonar-scaner

wget https://binaries.sonarsource.com/Distribution/sonar-scanner-cli/sonar-scanner-cli-4.5.0.2216-linux.zip

../sonar-scanner/bin/sonar-scanner -Dsonar.projectKey=passnfly1 -Dsonar.sources=. -Dsonar.host.url=http://75.126.254.59:9000 -Dsonar.login=cf56501e7eca2051eb7510911ceec0b4e8b1cf66

Web interface of SonarQube

http://75.126.254.59:9000/dashboard?id=passnfly1

Python thread support for accessing asynchronous processes

https://github.com/Ignat99/restx2020/blob/main/passnfly/api/aiokafka/todo.py

In this part of our backend, a special class of Threads in debug mode is implemented, which allows stopping the child from the parent thread based on its name.

As the identifier of the asynchronous process, we use the hash that we generated for the partition of this topic in Kafka.

https://github.com/Ignat99/restx2020/blob/main/passnfly/api/aiokafka/todo.py#L111

All this gives great flexibility up to managing the entire banned by using the REST API from one of the threads.

Here we make sure that one thread is launched per task.

https://github.com/Ignat99/restx2020/blob/main/passnfly/api/aiokafka/todo.py#L122

The duration of our stream can be up to 2 weeks and is limited by the Kafka settings. Every 2 weeks, the oldest data in our partition is released. If our service did not manage to process the data in 2 weeks (it can be reconfigured in Kafka), then this data should be stored in longer storages, such as S3 / Hadoop. There is an old driver for RabbitMQ, but it doesn’t work well.

https://docs.confluent.io/clients-confluent-kafka-python/current/index.html

https://kafka-python.readthedocs.io/en/master/usage.html

Flask RESTX API testing

https://github.com/Ignat99/restx2020/tree/main/tests/api

https://riptutorial.com/flask/example/5622/testing-a-json-api-implemented-in-flask

https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/1.1.x/testing/

Kafka – Idempotent Producer and Consumer

Как Kafka стала былью / Блог компании Tinkoff / Хабр (habr.com)

Will help client.id for Producer and Consumer. It is best to use a combination of the application name and, for example, the topic name as the client.id value.

Kafka Producer has the acks parameter that allows you to configure after how many acknowledge the cluster leader should consider the message as successfully written. This parameter can take the following values:

0 – acknowledge will not be counted.
1 – default parameter, acknowledge only from 1 replica is required.
−1 – acknowledge from all synchronized replicas are required (cluster setting min.insync.replicas).

From the listed values, it can be seen that acks equal to -1 gives the strongest guarantees that the message will not be lost.

As we all know, distributed systems are unreliable. To protect against transient faults, Kafka Producer provides a retries parameter that allows you to set the number of retry attempts during delivery.timeout.ms. Since the retries parameter has a default value of Integer.MAX_VALUE (2147483647), the number of retransmissions of a message can be adjusted by changing only delivery.timeout.ms. In some cases, this will be more convenient due to the fact that Producer will make the maximum number of re-submissions within the specified time interval. We set the interval to 30 seconds.

Kafka — Idempotent Producer And Consumer | by Sheshnath Kumar | Medium

In the simplest case, for this on the Producer, you need to set the enable.idempotence parameter to true. Idempotency guarantees that only one message is written to a specific partition of one topic. The precondition for enabling idempotency is the values acks = all, retry> 0, max.in.flight.requests.per.connection ≤ 5. If these parameters are not specified by the developer, the above values will be automatically set.

Producer:

1. acks = all
2. retries > 0
3. enable.idempotence = true
4. max.in.flight.requests.per.connection ≤ 5 (1 — для упорядоченной отправки)
5. transactional.id = ${application-name}-${hostname}

Consumer:

1. isolation.level = read_committed

KIP-98 perf testing – Google Sheets

For 1K messages and transactions lasting 100ms, the producer bandwidth is reduced by:

3% compared to its performance when it is configured for at least once in-order delivery (acks = all, max.in.flight.requests.per.connection = 1),
by 20% compared to its operation when configured to at most once without respecting message order (acks = 1, max.in.flight.requests.per.connection = 5) is used by default.

Exactly Once Delivery and Transactional Messaging in Kafka – Google Docs

KIP-98 – Exactly Once Delivery and Transactional Messaging – Apache Kafka – Apache Software Foundation

KIP-129: Streams Exactly-Once Semantics – Apache Kafka – Apache Software Foundation

Access control is configured on your cluster.

transactional.id.expiration.ms, which is configured on the Kafka cluster and has a default value of 7 days.

Confluent’s Python Client for Apache Kafka

Install

git clone https://github.com/edenhill/librdkafka

cd librdkafka/

git checkout v1.6.0-RC1

./configure

make

sudo make install

cd ../confluent-kafka-python/

git checkout v1.6.0-PRE4

python3 setup.py build

sudo python3 setup.py install

….

Finished processing dependencies for confluent-kafka==1.6.0

Pull request

Clone repo to my github.com

git clone Ignat99/confluent-kafka-python: Confluent’s Kafka Python Client (github.com)

cd confluent-kafka-python/

git remote add upstream git://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python

git fetch upstream

git checkout v1.6.0-PRE4

python3 setup.py build

sudo python3 setup.py install

…

Finished processing dependencies for confluent-kafka==1.6.0

git checkout -b enable_idempotence

This is where we make a change to the library and later return the pull request.

git push origin enable_idempotence

Готовим специалистов для работы в Испании

Вот это наш флагманский курс,  в тексте программы курса есть ссылки на компании в Малаге, которым в данный момент нужны программисты:

Микросервисы

Вы или ваши дети с нашей помощью спокойно и уверенно достигнут свою вершину, не запыхавшись по дороге.

В описании курса есть список компаний (в регионе Андалусия, город Малага), куда могут трудоустроится люди, которые прошли этот курс.

Либо самостоятельно купите премиум акаунт и  прорешайте 1000 задач с этого сервиса https://leetcode.com/.

Обратите внимание на книгу “Cracking the Coding Interview”.

Средняя зарплата в Малаге у программиста 25 000 – 35 000 евро в год без вычета налогов. До этого времени вся работа в Испании была для специалистов в офисе. Но график обычно был гибкий, можно было работать и из дома.
Сейчас в большинстве компаний работать можно удаленно, в том числе из другой страны (особенно это будет актуально в течении следующих 6 месяцев и позже).

Нужно разрешение на работу, которое предоставляют эти компании в случае успешного прохождения собеседований и тестового задания.

Денег с первого контракта достаточно чтоб купить себе недвижимость во многих живописных уголках Испании:

Listado de propiedades

Если у вас нет достаточных знаний для этого финального курса, вам нужно пройти еще пару курсов предварительно, которые дадут вам необходимый фундамент.

http://homedevice.pro/product-category/online-course/

telegram, skype: ignat_99

Или можно самостоятельно поступить в университеты в Испании:

После десяти лет жизни в Испании существует экзамен на получение гражданства Испании.

Рекомендуемый бесплатный курс разговорного испанского языка для прохождения интервью.

Вся грамматика испанского языка за 53 минуты

Phosphate

1. SETUP NEW MINECRAFT CLIENT FOR MINECRAFTFORGE 1.12 ON YOUR COMPUTER
2. MINECHEM v6
3. ALCHEMISTRY V 0.6.1 & ACTUALLY ADDITIONS
4. DIAMOND
5. NETHER FORTRESSES
6. CHEMICAL MACHINES
7. CELLULOSE
8. MEDIUM STORAGE CRATE
9. SUCROSE
10. PROTEIN
11. SILICON
12. SILICON DIOXIDE
13. ZINC OXIDE
14. MINERAL SALT
15. POTASSIUM NITRATE
16. LEAD IODIDE
17. WATER
18. OXIDE
19. STRONTIUM CARBONATE
20. PHOSPHATE

Chemistry Zumdahl, 7 ed. Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York

Chemistry_Z-textbook.pdf

Фосфор валентности 5 присоединяет по 4 атома Кислорода. Образуются следующие соединения (pages 914-918, 144 of a chemical textbook).

Оксид Фосфора (V) – P₄O₁₀
Метафосфорная кислота – (HPO₃)₄
Ортофосфорная кислота – H₃PO₄

Каждый атом фосфора заключен в Тетрайдер из 4 атомов Кислорода в этих соединениях. Реакция присоединения воды к Оксиду Фосфора (V) идет в несколько ступеней. Как трехосновная – Фосфорная Кислота относиться к слабым кислотам.

Фосфорная Кислота взаимодействует только с металлами расположенными в электрохимическом ряду напряжений левее вордорода (pages 333 – 335 of a chemical textbook).

K Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb (H₂) Cu Hg Ag Pt Au

Соли Фосфорной Кислоты называются Фосфатами. В зависимости от количества добавленного к раствору Фосфорной Кислоты основания в ее молекулах могут заместиться металлами один, два или все три атома Водорода. Если все атомы Водорода замещены металлом, то соль называется просто Фосфатом.

Дигидрофосфаты: NaH₂PO₄, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, NH₄H₂PO₄;
Гидрофосфаты: Na₂HPO₄, CaHPO₄, (NH₄)₂HPO₄;
Фосфаты: Na₃PO₄, Ca₃(PO₄)₂.

Дигидрофосфаты всех металлов хорошо растворимы в воде. Фосфаты не растворимы в воде. Только Фосфаты щелочных металлов растворимы в воде. Все нерастворимые в воде Фосфаты растворяются при приливании сильных кислот. В этот момент они переходят в Дигидрофосфаты.

Ca₃(PO₄)₂ + 4HNO₃ = Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ + 2Ca(NO₃)₂.

Реактивом на йоны PO₄^3- служит Нитрат Серебра. При прибавлении его к раствору содержащему эти йоны,
образуется остаток фосфата серебра (pages 724 in textbook):

PO₄^3- + 3Ag¹⁺ = Ag₃PO₄.

Фосфат серебра ярко-желтого цвета и как все фосфаты, растворяется при добавлении раствора сильной кислоты.

Получаемые в промышленности ортофосфаты и метафосфаты используются в качестве фосфорных удобрений.

Answers

Now you can select and order our cources!

Hydroxylapatite

1. SETUP NEW MINECRAFT CLIENT FOR MINECRAFTFORGE 1.12 ON YOUR COMPUTER
2. MINECHEM v6
3. ALCHEMISTRY V 0.6.1 & ACTUALLY ADDITIONS
4. DIAMOND
5. NETHER FORTRESSES
6. CHEMICAL MACHINES
7. CELLULOSE
8. MEDIUM STORAGE CRATE
9. SUCROSE
10. PROTEIN
11. SILICON
12. SILICON DIOXIDE
13. ZINC OXIDE
14. MINERAL SALT
15. POTASSIUM NITRATE
16. LEAD IODIDE
17. WATER
18. OXIDE
19. STRONTIUM CARBONATE
20. PHOSPHATE
21. HYDROXYLAPATITE

Chemistry Zumdahl, 7 ed. Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York

Chemistry_Z-textbook.pdf

(pages 159, 717, 720 of a chemical textbook)

Какие химические элементы замещают Hydroxylapatite в эмали зубов для борьбы с кариесом?

Вследствии высокой химической активности фосфор в свободном виде в природе не встречается. В земной коре он содержиться только в виде солей ортофосфорной кислоты, преимущественно в виде Phosphate Калия Ca₃(PO₄)₂.

В виде соединения Hydroxylapatite Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH фосфор входит в состав костной ткани человека и животных. Эта соль придает скелету твердость и обеспечивает до 50% состава ткани человека и до 70% веса.

Hydroxylapatite is the hydroxyl endmember of the complex apatite group. The OH− ion can be replaced by fluoride, chloride or carbonate, producing fluorapatite or chlorapatite. It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system.

В медицине синтетический Hydroxylapatite используется как наполнитель, замещающий часть утеренной кости и как покрытие инплантов способствующее нарастанию новой кости.

Так же соединения Фосфора входят в состав мышечной и нервной ткани человека и животных. Работа мозга, сокращения мышц связаны с химическим превращениями этих соединений. Фосфор играет исключительно большую роль во всех жизненных процессах.

Источником фосфора для человека и животных является растительная пища. Растения могут произростать при наличии фосфора в почве. В почву фосфор попадает при гниении остатков растений и животных. Таким образом в природе происходит кругооборот Фосфора. В круговороте Фосфора посредниками между почвой и растениями выступают бактерии. Фосфоробактерии превращают органические соединения фосфора, которые не подходят для растений в неорганические – Phosphate.

При интенсивном сельском хозяйстве необходимо вносить в почву навоз и искусственные (минеральные) удобрения.

В нашем Моде в Майнкрафте Hydroxylapatite можно получить из Костей Скелетов или белого красителя.

Answers

Fluoride, fluorapatite – Ca₅(PO₄)₃F, and calcium fluoride CaF₂.

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Kaolinite

1. SETUP NEW MINECRAFT CLIENT FOR MINECRAFTFORGE 1.12 ON YOUR COMPUTER
2. MINECHEM v6
3. ALCHEMISTRY V 0.6.1 & ACTUALLY ADDITIONS
4. DIAMOND
5. NETHER FORTRESSES
6. CHEMICAL MACHINES
7. CELLULOSE
8. MEDIUM STORAGE CRATE
9. SUCROSE
10. PROTEIN
11. SILICON
12. SILICON DIOXIDE
13. ZINC OXIDE
14. MINERAL SALT
15. POTASSIUM NITRATE
16. LEAD IODIDE
17. WATER
18. OXIDE
19. STRONTIUM CARBONATE
20. PHOSPHATE
21. HYDROXYLAPATITE
22. HYDROXIDE
23. CARBONATE
24. KAOLINITE

Chemistry Zumdahl, 7 ed. Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York

Chemistry_Z-textbook.pdf

Практическое задание: Найдите глину, разбавте водой до большей пластичности и слепитье маленькую фигурку Голема. Высушите на солнце.Найдите осколок красного кирпича рассмотрите его внимательно, попробуйте отбить кусочек с помощью молотка.

Какая разница между глиной высушенной на солнце и осколком кирмича?

(pages 448-449 of a chemical textbook)

Ceramics made from clays and hardened by firing at high temperatures. Ceramics are nonmetallic strong materials, brittle, resistant to heat and attack by chemicals.

Kaolinite или белая глина

White clays consists from tiny thin platelets Kaolinite with formula Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄.
В состав Kaolinite входят aluminum_oxide, silicon_dioxide, hydroxide. При формировании Kaolinite происходили процессы при участии Carbon dioxide and water.

When dry, the platelets cling together; when water is presents, they can slide over one another, giving clay its plasticity.
Имеют сруктуру похожую на слои стекла разделенные слоями Оксида Аллюминия и hydroxide. При повышении температуры Kaolinite теряет воду и образует землистые массы с мелкими шестигранными кристаллами.

В каком году и в какой стране discovery of glazing?

О роли атомов Алюминия в Рубинах и Лазерной техники смотрите сатью – SUCROSE.

Использование

Половина всего добываемого Kaolinite используется в производстве бумаги для мелования и в качестве наполнителя.
В керамической промышленности для создания глазури.

В медицине керамику используют для создания искусственных заменителей имплантантов костей.

Для каких “high-tech” технологий в наше время применяется керамика?

Answers

Кирпичь красный и прочный, глина коричневая и более хрупкая.
About 3000 b.c. in Egypt.
Jet and automobile engines and rockets.

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Patinete eléctrico

Launched the first rental of electric scooters in La Manga – Spain.

Machines

Physics is needed to create technical devices that translate one type of matter into another. For example, various chemicals through the combustion reaction into heat for further transmission.

This is how internal combustion engines are constructed, which lead to the development of tanks, cars, river and sea vessels, helicopters and airplanes. This is the first horizontal graph in our system – thermostatics or static processes, the variable parameter in which is Time.

And geometric and topological structures which are physical devices of the engine type are reflected in the second horizontal graph – Resilience.

Together they form dynamic or periodic processes. So, for example, in each engine there is a shaft that rotates with a certain period.

Such important devices as a gyroscope and magnetic compass help many hundreds of years in navigating to the surface of the land without reference points. In particular for missiles and submarines. Physical quantities for these important devices are located in the third horizontal graph – Magnetostatics.

Processes in magneto-elastic systems are widely used to record acoustic signals. Ultrasounds help orientations in the dark to bats and dolphins. Submarines also use ultrasound instruments to determine targets and navigate in the dark.

Such systems as electric lighting, electric heaters, welding machines can just be symbolically described with the help of physical quantities from the fourth horizontal graph – Electrostatics.

The third and fourth graphs form – Electrodynamics, which describes such devices as telegraph, radio, television, electric motors, trolleys, electric cars, railway electric locomotives, electric milking machines, separators, incubators, cinematographers.

The next fifth horizontal graph is Slabostatika. These phenomena were first studied in Russia by I.V. Kurchatov for the purpose of creating a nuclear uranium-graphite reactor. Known works of Kurchatov in the field of Electro-Weak Interaction (Fourth and Fifth Count together).

Modern scientists offer many hypotheses based on the results of the study of the strong interaction of matter. Since all the results are indirect, it is possible to admit many different versions of theories. Often such theories are associated with the great unification of all laws into one general formula or mathematical theory. The sixth column – Strongstatics relies on the achievements of modern nuclear physics. Such a physical phenomenon as superfluidity is usually explained through a strong interaction.

The fifth and sixth graphs form a weakly-strong interaction or chromodynamics.

Our systems in Maincraft will consist of a set of blocks. On the contiguous faces physical processes can occur. A complete final finished physical structure will occupy exactly one block. Thus, for crafting three-dimensional machines, project Blue-print templates and a three-dimensional imagination, like those of modern engineers and artists, will be required.

A set of blocks that have a certain Form and physical properties (Physical laws).

As a result, some machines can get mobility, like Mobs.

Kotlin Meetup

In Spain in Murcia there was a Meetup about the use of a new language – Kotlin. It developed by the Russian company JetBrain. The language is intended for large projects on Java, but it is more convenient than Java itself to use.

In the photo you can see an illustration from our blog – a mod for Minecraft, written on Kotlin for the study of Chemistry and Physics.

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